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KX,/FU*}*eN FPnS(A)N@ۡZM{ycT2(eGnOh1zڰX5}l9SiTLGAڡ͛[HJ; MUG? Li/0giXK[miUju%xi-w;x4`0U%EF5ƔEqgEmAzy1خ;#U+mPG0bF LQƖZJ"ړ 8}wefjZE 6 c hK8\yJ)@p\Ē,~0gՖbr`N0ImE{ k*;Cc{s 2PkLa_N-kU+YRTI.ܶv4ItTA}r#¢GU/15H0l[lIˆhXoKqFiXm{wvw-c,sULYy Jm)W@{G %&܆ڛ(m L4U@ '7vۮDH"9AXNNaf*S.ST#n<%F0^kۡIŇP.KݢWt$*?H燸pb3 P4PwWڛt`\~?VJbM( 5  + Chart MSGraph.Chart.80*Microsoft Graph Chart/ 0LDArialܖ 0ܖ0tt8w 0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@``   C  '" #-./15679 :<;=R$?M1Rh*YQR$Mi&EQR$]I ]$\"8R$/pļ~9r WZs$"$Eڪ6 )$$R$bQi{ؘK,^?A 0AA@wʚ;ʚ;g4dd샒 0ppp@ <4dddd@w 0tw <4BdBd@x 0t80___PPT10 ?  %O  =9E(Saskatchewan with an Aboriginal Majority$)($ 1.?When will the Nonaboriginal Era in Saskatchewan come to an end?@@BNonaboriginal people became the majority in (what was to become) Saskatchewan about 1888. My work (with Professors Kelly Lendsay and Marv Painter) in the middle 1990 s concluded that Saskatchewan will be 33% Aboriginal by 2045 The 1996 Census  WHAT A FORECAST! Revised and extended the forecast to 2050  35%. The 2001 Census  !!!!!!!!! Kerr, Guimond, and Norris:  Perils and Pitfalls of Aboriginal Demography in Aboriginal Conditions, ed. by White, Maxim and Beavon, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003. The 2006 Census  ???????? My best guess is that the Nonaboriginal Era will end in Saskatchewan about 2050, 162 years after it began. But I want to see the 2006 CensusPP$P2PPPPP$2M>,^o''AcknowledgementsXUniversity of Saskatchewan Government of Saskatchewan Mr. Robert Kennedy, Q.C. Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations The Metis Nation Prince Albert Grand Council Dr. Jack Stabler, Professor Emeritus, University of Saskatchewan Ms. Deirdre Morris Mr. Kelly Lendsay, President, Aboriginal Human Resources Development Council of CanadaYZY,/uSaskatchewan had a problem A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:(vZ/Were four times more likely to commit a major legal offense Disproportionately young Disproportionately likely to be sex-trade workers Suffered from high unemployment rates Confronted by utterly overwhelming educationally difficulties: many opposed education since they felt it would destroy their culture and way of life some of their school trustees actually sabotaged their own school systems out of fear of cultural annihilation many of them lived in rural areas where education was poorly funded and of questionable quality Many did not know English*??((uSaskatchewan had a problem A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:vZMany received no formal schooling beyond grade one School absenteeism was rampant The popular opinion was that they were racially inferior: poor, illiterate, diseased, morally lax, politically corrupt, and religiously deficient X 41vSaskatchewan had a problem: A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:(wZWere four times more likely to commit a major legal offense Disproportionately young Disproportionately likely to be sex-trade workers Suffered from high unemployment rates Confronted by utterly overwhelming educationally difficulties: Many received no formal schooling beyond grade one School absenteeism was rampant The popular opinion was that they were racially inferior: poor, illiterate, diseased, morally lax, politically corrupt, and religiously deficient @X The time was the early 1900's and the population was the hundreds of thousands of Eastern European immigrants and their descendants And we all know what happened8The immigrants and their descendants transformed themselves from the  grand  round-up of European freaks and hoboes into some of the groups referred to in Saskatchewan s Provincial motto:  From Many Peoples Strength The situation today would have been inconceivable to the residents of Saskatchewan a hundred years ago. *iER   "So it is  deja vu all over again in Saskatchewan. It is ironic that twice in the short history of this province we have been in this situation4^ The first time was in the early 20th Century with the Eastern European immigrants The second time is now with Aboriginal people The purpose of this talk is to ask if history is about to repeat itselfLH$H  There were two principal paths that the Eastern European immigrants and their descendants took to escape from immigrant poverty: education and entrepreneurshipMWe need to analyze the educational path out of poverty for the immigrants (and their descendants) and enquire whether it applies to contemporary Aboriginal people We need to analyze the entrepreneurial path out of poverty for the immigrants (and their descendants) and enquire whether it applies to contemporary Aboriginal people 6N  OThe education path out of immigrant poverty There were two major determinants:P,$QSupply of education Demand for education by the immigrants and their descendants*=R SupplyIn the early 20th Century the University of Saskatchewan was founded Experts were brought into the province to address policy issues School funding was increased (E ^ DemandEastern European immigrants and their descendants received a higher financial return to education than that for a typical Saskatchewan resident. Why? For society as a whole, more education on average increases an individual s earnings. But more education was also one of the paths out of immigrant poverty. With education, an immigrant or descendant would earn more just as anyone (on average) does, but they would also earn more because the immigrant would catch up with the remainder of society Thus, the immigrant received more financially from education earning both the usual amount from increased education and also the catch up. On the other hand, the typical Saskatchewan resident only earned the former. Thus the immigrants and their descendants had a higher rate of financial return from education than did a typical Saskatchewan resident. <[d[dSupply and demandPThe educational programs lowered the cost of education to an individual The financial incentives meant that the immigrants and their descendants sought education because they had an incentive to do so Immigrants had more of a financial incentive than the typical Saskatchewan resident, which resulted in them catching up educationallyQQLWill it happen for Aboriginal people? It is a question of supply and demandM&' SupplypAboriginal programs are being created at University of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technology First Nations University of Canada University of Regina The cost of education is further reduced by federal policies which allow some Registered Indians to attend university without paying tuition<++ DemandHow large is the financial incentive for Aboriginal people in Saskatchewan? Here the results are available from an array of studies done by a variety of researchers in both Canada and the United States In earlier research I concluded that the financial incentives are large   MfIs the financial return to education for Aboriginal people greater than that for Nonaboriginal people?ggThe amounts shown in the above table are a large financial incentive to seek education. But most individuals in our society have a large financial incentive to seek education. Do Aboriginal people have a larger financial incentive? Here the research conclusions are fairly clear. The income increases shown in the above table are greater than the corresponding increases for a typical resident of Saskatchewan as shown by researchers at the University of Saskatchewan. This is similar to results for the United States shown in a large literature reviewed in Ashenfelter, O. and C. Rouse: "Schooling, Intelligence, and Income in America" in Kenneth Arrow, et. al (eds): Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. FFa$2H1   ^  X *).A graph from the Ashenfelter and Rouse article// )The Entrepreneurship path The Immigrants(*<Notably formal education is not for everyone In the early 20th Century in Saskatchewan boomtime you could start a business These businesses tended to be small with low capital requirements be consumer service firms the entrepreneur could micromanage have low educational requirementsBX,The Entrepreneurship path Aboriginal People(-TBetween the years of 1991 and 1996, according to Statistics Canada, Aboriginal entrepreneurship grew 2.5 times faster than the Canadian average! The listener should think about that for a moment, because the growth rate then accelerated In the period 1996 to 2001, Aboriginal entrepreneurship grew 9 times faster than the Canadian averageUUT _What are Aboriginal businesses like in Saskatchewan? They tend to be divided into two groups.`5+pGroup 1: Hairdressers, housepainters and the like Group 2: National motel chains, Indian casinos and the like qq2Group 1: Hairdressers, housepainters and the like3+FThese businesses tend to be formed by an individual or couple as a way to make a living They tend to be small consumer service firms that can be micromanaged The businesses are exemplified by an Aboriginal businesswoman who was interviewed as part of my research In that interview, this businesswoman unprompted began to talk about the ways she served her employee s and the needs of their families. Her attitudes go far in explaining a sentiment that was echoed by several Nonaboriginal employees of Aboriginal firms or organizations This group is the subject of increasing research and is getting better understood. Many studies, however, entirely miss the second group<Group 2: National motel chains, Indian casinos and the like=5*These businesses tend to be created by medium-to-large Aboriginal organizations. 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However,)Saskatchewan with an Aboriginal Majority  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles_0ech447ech447  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./023456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcefghijkpRoot EntrydO)Pictures܀Current UserdSummaryInformation(1 UPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8\Root EntrydO)ܯ}ht@ Pictures܀Current UserdSummaryInformation(1 U      !"#$%&'()*+,-./023456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[efghijkzuvwxy  !"#$%&'(՜.+,D՜.+,     $ % On-screen ShowUniversity of Saskatchewan` ArialDefault DesignMicrosoft Graph Chart)Saskatchewan with an Aboriginal Majority@When will the Nonaboriginal Era in Saskatchewan come to an end?AcknowledgementsvSaskatchewan had a problem A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:vSaskatchewan had a problem A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:wSaskatchewan had a problem: A population which was expected to form the majority in the foreseeable future, yet they:The time was the early 1900's and the population was the hundreds of thousands of Eastern European immigrants and their descendants And we all know what happenedSo it is deja vu all over again in Saskatchewan. It is ironic that twice in the short history of this province we have been in this situationThere were two principal paths that the Eastern European immigrants and their descendants took to escape from immigrant poverty: education and entrepreneurshipPThe education path out of immigrant poverty There were two major determinants:SupplyDemandSupply and demandMWill it happen for Aboriginal people? It is a question of supply and demandSupplyDemand Slide 17gIs the financial return to education for Aboriginal people greater than that for Nonaboriginal people?/A graph from the Ashenfelter and Rouse article*The Entrepreneurship path The Immigrants-The Entrepreneurship path Aboriginal People`What are Aboriginal businesses like in Saskatchewan? They tend to be divided into two groups.3Group 1: Hairdressers, housepainters and the like=Group 2: National motel chains, Indian casinos and the likeBoth the education path and the entrepreneurship path are being followed by Aboriginal people to escape poverty, just as was true for the Eastern European immigrants.6Does Economic Integration Mean Cultural Assimilation? However,)Saskatchewan with an Aboriginal Majority  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles4 $, PowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8$